........ΑΝΤΑΣ:ΧΑ. ]....ΚΕΑΣ:ΑΝΓΑΡΙΟΣ ]...ΑΥϜΙΟΣ:ΣΟΚΛΕΣ: ].ΤΙΔΑΣ:ΑΜΥΝΤΑΣ ]ΤΟΙ ΜΑΛΕϞΟ:ΚΑΙ.
Note the use of San at the end of most names, and the difference between San and Mu (with a shorter right leg, ) in the word "ΑΜΥΝΤΑΣ". Use of San in archaic Sicyonian writing: shard incised with the dedicatory inscription "ΗΕΡΟΟΣ" (classic Greek spelling Ἡρώος, "of the Hero"), using San together with consonantal H and a characteristic Sikyonian X-shaped form of Epsilon.San (Ϻ) was an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. It had a shape similar to modern M, or to a modern Greek Sigma (Σ) turned sideways, and was used as an alternative to Sigma to denote the sound /s/. Unlike Sigma, whose position in the alphabet is between Rho and Tau, San appeared between Pi and Qoppa in alphabetic order.
Historical useThe shape of San could appear with the outer stems either straight () or slanted outwards (), and either longer or of equal length with the inner strokes (). It was typically distinguished from the similar-looking Mu (Μ) by the fact that San tended to be symmetrical, whereas Mu had a longer left stem in its archaic forms (, , ).
The existence of the two competing letters Sigma and San is believed to be due to confusion during the adoption of the Greek alphabet from the Phoenician script, because Phoenician had more sibilant (s-like) sounds than Greek had. Thus, Greek Sigma got its shape and alphabetic position from Phoenician Šin (), but its name and sound value from Phoenician Samekh. Conversely, Greek Xi (Ξ) got its shape and position from Samekh (), but its name and sound value are believed to be derived from Šin. The same kind of pair-wise exchange happened between Phoenician Zayin and Tsade: Greek Zeta has the shape and position of Zayin () but the name and sound value of Tsade, and conversely Greek San has the approximate shape and position of Tsade () but may originally have had the sound value of Zayin, i.e. voiced [z].1 However, since voiced [z] and voiceless [s] were not distinct phonemes in Greek, Sigma and San came to be used in essentially the same function.
Phoenician Greek shape position name sound shape position name sound after R Shin /ʃ/ Σ after R Sigma /s/ after N Samekh /s/ Ξ after N Xi /ks/ after W Zayin /z/ Ζ after W Zeta /dz/,/zd/ after P Tsade /ts/ after P San */z/? > /s/Whereas in early abecedaria, Sigma and San are typically listed as two separate letters in their separate alphabetic positions, each dialect tended to use either San or Sigma exclusively in practical writing. The use of San became a characteristic of the Doric dialects of Corinth and neighboring Sikyon, as well as Crete. San became largely obsolete by the second half of the fifth century BC, when it was generally replaced by Sigma, except in Crete, where it continued in use for about a century longer. In Sikyon, it was retained as a symbolic mark of the city used on coin inscriptions (just as the likewise archaic Qoppa was used by Corinth, and a special local form of Beta by Byzantium).
A local variant of San may be represented by a unique attestation of an И-shaped letter in an Arcado-Cypriot dialect of the Peloponnese, where it appears to have denoted a /ts/ sound. This letter has been labelled "Tsan"2) The Ionian letter , which later gave rise to the numeral symbol Sampi (ϡ = 900) may also be historically related to San, although it did not have the same alphabetic position.3
Outside Greece, the letter was borrowed into the Old Italic alphabets (𐌑, transcribed as Ś). It initially retained its M-shape in the archaic Etruscan alphabet, but from the 6th century BC changing its aspect to a shape similar to that of the d-rune .
The name of "San" lived on as an alternative (dialectal or archaic) name for "Sigma" even at a time when the letter itself had everywhere been replaced with standard Sigma. Thus, Herodotus in the late 5th century reports that the same letter was called "San" by the Dorians but "Sigma" by the Ionians.4 Athenaeus in his Deipnosophistae (c.200 AD) quotes an epigram which contained the spelled-out name of a philosopher, still using "San" as the name for Sigma:5
τοὔνομα θῆτα ῥῶ ἄλφα σὰν ὖ μῦ ἄλφα χεῖ οὖ σάν, πατρὶς Χαλκηδών· ἡ δὲ τέχνη σοφίη. "Name: Θ-Ρ-Α-Σ-Υ-Μ-Α-Χ-Ο-Σ, Birthplace: Chalkydon; profession: wisdom" Modern use The letter san as it appears in four basic fonts: Times New Roman, Lucida Grande, Arial, and HelveticaIn modern editions and transcriptions of ancient Greek writing, San has rarely been used as a separate letter. Since it never contrasts systematically with Sigma except in abecedaria, it is usually silently regularized to Sigma in modern editorial practice.6 In the electronic encoding standard Unicode, a pair of uppercase and lowercase forms of the letter was introduced in version 4.0 (2003).7 For this purpose, new lowercase forms for modern typography, for which no prior typographic tradition existed, had to be designed.8 Most fonts have adopted the convention of distinguishing uppercase San from Mu by having its central V-like section descend only halfway down above the baseline, and lowercase San by giving it a left leg descending below the baseline.
San is encoded in Unicode at codepoints U+03FA (uppercase, Ϻ) and U+03FB (lowercase, ϻ). The Arcadian "Tsan" variant, unified with the identical-looking Pamphylian Digamma, has been included at U+0376 (uppercase, Ͷ) and U+0377 (lowercase, ͷ) since version 5.1.
Appearance Code points Name Ϻ U+03FA GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SAN ϻ U+03FB GREEK SMALL LETTER SAN Ͷ U+0376 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PAMPHYLIAN DIGAMMA ͷ U+0377 GREEK SMALL LETTER PAMPHYLIAN DIGAMMA References ^ Jeffery, Lilian H. (1961). The local scripts of archaic Greece. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 25–27. ^ History and representation of Tsan ^ Jeffery, Local scripts, p. 38f. ^ "…τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι ,Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα" ('…the same letter, which the Dorians call "San", but the Ionians "Sigma"…'; Herodotus, Histories 1.139); cf. Nick Nicholas, Non-Attic letters. ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae, 10.81. ^ Nick Nicholas, Non-Attic letters ^ Unicode character database ^ David Perry (2002) Design of the Greek archaic letter San for use in computer fontsSan was originally a private release on Deuter's own label. ... The obsolete Greek letter sampi (ϡ = 900) may have derived from san and both represent similar sibilants. ...
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