Lambda

"Labda" redirects here. For the mythological figure, see Labda (mythology). Look up Λ or λ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Greek alphabet Αα Alpha Νν Nu Ββ Beta Ξξ Xi Γγ Gamma Οο Omicron Δδ Delta Ππ Pi Εε Epsilon Ρρ Rho Ζζ Zeta Σσς Sigma Ηη Eta Ττ Tau Θθ Theta Υυ Upsilon Ιι Iota Φφ Phi Κκ Kappa Χχ Chi Λλ Lambda Ψψ Psi Μμ Mu Ωω Omega Other characters Digamma Qoppa San Sampi Stigma Sho Heta Tsan Greek diacritics

Lambda (uppercase Λ, lowercase λ; Greek: Λάμβδα or Λάμδα, lamda or lamtha) is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is related to the Phoenician letter Lamed . Letters in other alphabets that stemmed from lambda include the Roman L and the Cyrillic letter El (Л, л). The ancient grammarians and dramatists give evidence to the pronunciation as /laːbdaː/ (λάβδα) in Classical Greek times.1 In Modern Greek the name of the letter, Λάμδα, is pronounced /lamða/; the spoken letter itself has the sound of [l] as with Latinate "L".

In early Greek alphabets, the shape and orientation of lambda varied.2 Most variants consisted of two straight strokes, one longer than the other, connected at their ends. The angle might be in the upper left, lower left ("Western" alphabets), or top ("Eastern" alphabets). Other variants had a vertical line with a horizontal or sloped stroke running to the right. With the general adoption of the Ionic alphabet, Greek settled on an angle at the top; the Romans, borrowing from Western alphabets, put the angle at the lower left.

Contents 1 Symbol 1.1 Upper-case letter Λ 1.2 Lower-case letter λ 2 Lambda, the word 3 Lambda as a name 4 See also 5 References // Symbol Upper-case letter Λ Lambda can mean the empty set in mathematics, though other symbols are more commonly used, such as . The lambda particle is a type of subatomic particle in subatomic particle physics. Lambda is the set of logical axioms in the axiomatic method of logical deduction in first-order logic. Lambda was used as a shield pattern by the Spartan Army. This stood for Lakedaimon, the name of the region of Sparta. Lambda is the von Mangoldt function in mathematical number theory. In statistics, Wilks's lambda is used in multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA analysis) to compare group means on a combination of dependent variables. In the spectral decomposition of matrices, lambda indicates the diagonal matrix of the eigenvalues of the matrix (mathematics). In computer science, lambda is the time window over which a process is observed for determining the working memory set for a digital computer's virtual memory management. In astrophysics, lambda represents the likelihood that a small body will encounter a planet or a dwarf planet leading to a deflection of a significant magnitude. An object with a large value of lambda is expected to have cleared its neighborhood, satisfying the current definition of a planet. In crystal optics, lambda is used to represent the period of a lattice. In NATO military operations, a chevron (a capital lambda symbol) is painted on the vehicles of this military alliance for identification. (The Spartan army used a capital lambda on its shields.) In electrochemistry, lambda denotes the "equivalent conductance" of an electrolyte solution. In cosmology, lambda is the symbol for the cosmological constant. In optics, lambda denotes the grating pitch of a Bragg reflector. Lower-case letter λ Lower-case lambda Lambda indicates the wavelength of any wave, especially in physics, electronics engineering, and mathematics. Lambda indicates the radioactivity decay constant in nuclear physics and radioactivity. This constant is very simply related (by a multiplicative constant) to the half-life of any radioactive material. In mathematical logic and computer science, lambda is used to introduce an anonymous function expressed with the concepts of lambda calculus. Lambda is a non-SI metric unit of measure of volume (symbol λ) equal to one microliter (1 μL) or one cubic millimeter (1 mm3). This always rare use is currently deprecated. Lambda indictes an eigenvalue in the mathematics of linear algebra. In the physics of electric fields, lambda sometimes indicates the linear charge density of a uniform line of electric charge (measured in coulombs per meter). Lambda denotes a Lagrange multiplier in multi-dimensional calculus. In solid-state electronics, lambda indicates the channel length modulation parameter of a MOSFET. There is a lambda phage virus in biology. In ecology, lambda denotes the long-term intrinsic growth rate of a population. This value is often calculated as the dominant eigenvalue of the age/size class matrix (mathematics). In formal language theory and in computer science, lambda denotes the empty string. In telecommunications, lambda indicates the wavelength in a wavelength-division multiplexing optical communications system. This is actually a form of the long-established concept of frequency-division multiplexing. Lambda denotes the Lebesgue measure in mathematical set theory. The Goodman and Kruskal's lambda in statistics indicates the proportional reduction in error when one variable's values are used to predict the values of another variable. Lambda denotes the oxygen sensor in a vehicle that measures the stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio in the exhaust gases of an internal-combustion engine. The Lambda (rocket) is a version of a large booster rocket in Japanese outer-space technology. Lambda denotes the failure rate of devices and systems in reliability theory, and it is measured in failure events per hour. Numerically, this lamba is also the reciprocal of the Mean time between failures. In criminology, lambda denotes an individual's frequency of offenses In cartography and navigation, lambda denotes the longitude or a location. Lambda is the symbol of the musician Richard D. James or Aphex Twin. Lambda denotes Christopher Langton's parameter for the classification of Stephen Wolfram's classes of cellular automata. In electrochemistry, lambda also denotes the ionic conductance of a given ion (The composition of the ion is generally shown as a subscript to the lambda character). In neurobiology, lambda denotes the length constant (or exponential rate of decay) of the electric potential across the cell membrane along a length of a nerve cell's axon. In the science and technology of heat transfer, lambda denotes the heat of vaporization per mole of material (a.k.a. its "latent heat").3. In the technology and science of celestial navigation, lambda denotes the longitude as opposed to the Roman letter "L" which denotes the latitude. King Louis XIII of France used the letter lambda as his personal symbol rather than monogram. In Volvo automobiles, lambda denotes an engine, fuel, or ignition system failure. Lambda is used as a recurring symbol for the human resistance in the Valve computer game series Half-Life. Lambda, the word In anatomy, the lambda is the point on the skull where the two parietal bones and the occipital bone come together. The configuration of the sutures of the skull resembles an upper case lambda, and the suture between each parietal bone and the occipital bone is called the lambdoid suture. In programming languages such as Lisp and Python, lambda is an operator used to denote anonymous functions or closures, following the usage of lambda calculus. An example of this use of lambda in the Python language is this section of computer code that sorts a list alphabetically by the last character of each entry: >>> list = 'woman', 'man', 'horse', 'boat', 'plane', 'dog' >>> sorted(list, key=lambda word: word-1) 'horse', 'plane', 'dog', 'woman', 'man', 'boat' The language Unlambda is a functional programming language based upon combinatory logic, a simplification of the lambda calculus that does not involve the lambda at all, hence the un- prefix. An automotive oxygen sensor (O2 sensor) is also known as a lambda probe, sensor, sond, or sonde. Lambda is used in art and photography to refer to a digital Type C print, or to the equipment that is used to produce it. Lambda was used by Pythagoras to denote the "Lambda number sequence" { 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 27, ... } Lambda as a name The popular science fiction universe of Star Wars uses a transport vehicle known as the Lambda-class shuttle that when viewed forward has the shape of the lowercase lambda. Lambda is occasionally used in graphic design to represent a stylised 'A'. Examples include the Disney movie Atlantis: The Lost Empire, the logo of the band Angels & Airwaves, the logo of the band Dream Theater, and the logo of electronics company Samsung. Conversely, the name of the band Λucifer (pronounced lucifer) is sometimes spelt Aucifer. A capital Lambda Stargate SG-1 uses a modified upper-case lambda, with a small circle above the apex, to indicate Earth. This symbol has since become associated with the entire franchise.citation needed GM Lambda platform, a crossover SUV automobile platform from General Motors Lancia Lambda, a historic Italian automobile. In the Sailor Moon manga, the character Sailor Cosmos claimed to have the ultimate "Lambda Power", which was stated to be the power of rebirth. Lambda Legal is a gay & lesbian legal advocacy group in the United States. Lambda Literary Awards is the name of a group of U.S. book awards presented annually for gay and lesbian literature. Lambda Particles is the name for the LGBT group at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.4 Lambda Rising is a gay & lesbian bookstore in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. which created the Lambda Literary Award in 1989. National LambdaRail is a research high-speed computer network. Lambda-Delta (or Lambdadelta) is the name of a witch in the Umineko no Naku Koro ni doujin game. In the popular anime Full Metal Panic, a Lambda Driver is a device which is used to generate tremendous forces from the impulses of the pilot of an Arm Slave in order to defend as well as attack. Lambda-11 is the name of a character in the BlazBlue series, appearing in BlazBlue: Continuum Shift as a playable character. See also Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering Л, л - El (Cyrillic) Fraser alphabet#Consonants References ^ Herbert Weir Smyth. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. I.1.c ^ Poinikastas: Epigraphic Sources for Early Greek Writing ^ Wankat Separation Process Engineering 2nd ed, Prentice Hall ^ Lambda Particles at SLAC

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ZymoGenetics Shares Surge on Bristol-Myers Squibb Buyout
ZymoGenetics hit a 52-week high Wednesday on the announcement that the biopharmaceutical company will be acquired by Bristol-Myers Squibb for $885 million. Shortly after the deal was revealed, several law firms announcement an investigation into its board of directors for possible breach of fiduciary duty.

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Bristol-Myer Squibb to buy ZymoGenetics
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Bristol-Myers Buys Hepatitis Partner for $885 Million
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. said it plans to buy ZymoGenetics Inc. for $885 million to gain full ownership of a hepatitis C drug the companies are developing.

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Law Professor Discusses Marriage Equality
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